Spot Shrimp
(Pandalus platyceros)
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Did You Know?
Paired spots located just behind the head and in front of the tail give the spot shrimp its common name.
General Description
This species is the largest of local shrimps with large females exceeding 23 cm in length. Its body color is usually reddish brown or tan, with white horizontal bars on the carapace, and distinctive white spots on the first and fifth abdominal segments. The body is generally slender and there are five pairs of "swimmerets" located on the underside of the abdomen.
Life History
Spot shrimp are among the relatively few animals that are protandric hermaphrodites: each individual spends the early mature part of life as a male and later transforms into a female for the balance of its lifetime. Spot shrimp can reach sexual maturity by the third year. Some may mature sexually and spawn as a male, pass through a transitional phase and subsequently mature and spawn as a female. Some juveniles, however, never mature into males; instead, they develop directly into females. Prior to fertilization, the mature female molts into a shell specialized for carrying eggs. The eggs are attached to the female’s abdomen by hair like structures called setae. Eggs are found on females from October to March. Each spot shrimp spawns once as a male and one or more times as a female. Spawning takes place at depths of 500-700 feet. Tagging studies in Prince William Sound, Alaska, found that spot shrimp may live from seven to eleven years.
Feeding Ecology
Spot shrimp are opportunistic bottom feeders that tend to feed at night. They will eat a wide variety of items such as worms, diatoms, dead organic material, algae, small mollusks, sponges, and other shrimp. Spot shrimp themselves are often the diet of large predator fish such as halibut, Pacific cod, walleye pollock, flounders, and salmon.
Migration
Shrimp migrate seasonally from deep to shallow waters. Juvenile spot shrimp concentrate in shallow inshore areas and migrate offshore as they mature.
Range and Habitat
The spot prawn’s geographic range extends from Southern California to Alaska’s Aleutian Islands, around to the Sea of Japan and the Korea Strait. Spot shrimp inhabit various water depths and habitat types. At times, juveniles have been observed on muddy bottoms, but adults are generally found around rock piles, crevices, coral, on sponges, under boulders, and debris-covered bottoms. Spot shrimp seem to be caught in greatest concentrations around 60 fathoms, but range from 2 to 250 fathoms.
Status, Trends, and Threats
Status
Shrimp are an important component of Alaskan marine ecosystems. They once supported large and historically important commercial fisheries in the late 1950s through the early 1980s, particularly in the central and western Gulf of Alaska. Recent commercial harvests are much smaller in volume and are predominantly from Southeast Alaska.
Pot fisheries targeting spot shrimp have historically occurred in protected embayments, largely in Southeast Alaska and to a lesser extent in Prince William Sound. The pot fisheries in Southeast Alaska grew rapidly in the 1990s and are now capped at about 800,000 ib. with most of the harvest being taken in southern and central Southeast. Pot fishing in Prince William Sound had been closed since the early 1990s due to low stock abundance. This fishery reopened in 2010. Spot shrimp fisheries in Southeast Alaska are largely stable.
Trends
The spot shrimp fishery on the West Coast of North America, extending from Alaska to California, has great potential to be an exception to the ecological and social destruction that typifies many shrimp fisheries. This potential is a function of several factors:
- the ecological sensitivity of spot prawns and their critical habitat has been recognized and reflected in most of the fishery’s management
- the fishery is primarily a community-based fishery, with a great deal of fisher involvement in management
- the high-value and expanding markets for spot prawn product lead to a greater “value” placed on the conservation and sustainability of the species
- managers commonly recognize that constant refinement and improvement of the management system is a prerequisite for long-term sustainability
Threats
Shrimp—harvested in the wild or produced via aquaculture—are generally characterized as among the most unsustainable of all global fisheries. Destructive fishing methods, vast quantities of bycatch, loss of habitat, and coastal pollution are only a few of the serious environmental and social problems that have been associated with the wild harvest and aquaculture of shrimp. Yet shrimp is also one of the fastest-growing and most lucrative global and domestic seafood markets.
Unfortunately, the vast majority of shrimp consumers do not know that the unsustainable production and harvest of shrimp is devastating ecosystems and local communities. Moreover, they have no way of identifying or ordering sustainably produced shrimp in a restaurant or supermarket. There is a critical need to establish an ecologically certified, sustainable shrimp fishery that can be used to educate consumers, shift seafood demand to more ecologically sound products, and dramatically reduce demand for unsustainably produced seafood.
Fast Facts
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Size
Maximum length is over 12 inches -
Age
Maximum age is 11 years -
Range/Distribution
The spot prawn’s geographic range extends from Southern California to Alaska’s Aleutian Islands, around to the Sea of Japan and the Korea Strait -
Diet
Worms, diatoms, dead organic material, algae, small mollusks, sponges, and other shrimp -
Predators
Spot shrimp themselves are often the diet of large predator fish such as halibut, Pacific cod, walleye pollock, flounders, and salmon -
Reproduction
The eggs are attached to the female’s abdomen by hair like structures called setae. Eggs are found on females from October to March. Each spot shrimp spawns once as a male and one or more times as a female. Spawning takes place at depths of 500-700 feet
Did You Know?
- Spot shrimp are the largest shrimp in the North Pacific.
- The spot shrimp is a protandric hermaphrodite, meaning that it undergoes a change of sex in midlife.
- Paired spots located just behind the head and in front of the tail give the spot shrimp its common name.
- Spot shrimp have been found over 1,500 feet deep.
- Female spot shrimp carry the eggs on their abdomen.
- Spot shrimp shed their exoskeleton in order to grow.
Uses
Commercial Fishery
In Alaska, spot shrimp are the primary species caught in Prince William Sound and the waters of Southeast Alaska. These shrimp are coveted for their large size and sweet taste.
Recreational Fishery
Lightweight pots are fished from boats to collect personal use shrimp. Small subsistence fisheries occur statewide.
Prince William Sound Shrimp (PDF 149 kB)
Processing
Reaching lengths of 12 inches, these shrimp are much larger than the average cocktail shrimp. Their large size makes them popular grilled or steamed and served whole, although they are also consumed raw as sushi.
Management
The Alaska State Constitution establishes, as state policy, the development and use of replenishable resources, in accordance with the principle of sustained yield, for the maximum benefit of the people of the state. In order to implement this policy for the fisheries resources of the state, the Alaska Legislature created the Alaska Board of Fisheries (BOF) and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G).
The BOF was given the responsibility to establish regulations guiding the conservation and development of the state’s fisheries resources, including the distribution of benefits among subsistence, commercial, recreational, and personal uses. The ADF&G was given the responsibility to implement the BOF’s regulations and management plans through the scientific management of the state’s fisheries resources. Scientific and technical advice is also provided by the ADF&G to the BOF during its rule-making process. The separation of rule-making and inseason management responsibilities between these two entities is generally regarded as contributing to the success of Alaska’s fisheries management system.
The ADF&G’s fishery management activities fall into two categories: inseason management and applied science. For inseason management, the department deploys a cadre of fishery managers near the fisheries. These individuals have broad authority to open and close fisheries based on their professional judgment, the most current biological data from field projects, and fishery performance.
Research
Spot Shrimp Growth in Unakwik Inlet, Prince William Sound, Alaska (PDF 173 kB)