Alaska Fisheries Sonar
Sonar Tools: Imaging Sonar
Imaging Sonars
DIDSON — When the Alaska Department of Fish and Game adopted Dual frequency IDentification SONar (DIDSON) as a tool for detecting fish, inriver fisheries sonar advanced a giant leap forward. ADF&G biologists first encountered DIDSON at the University of Washington, where the Applied Physics Laboratory had developed it as a military tool for detecting enemy divers and underwater mines. DIDSON, now manufactured by the Sound Metrics Corporation (SMC)*, became the sonar technology of choice for inriver fisheries sonar projects around the world.
ARIS — The latest generation of imaging sonar technology, known as ARIS (Adaptive Resolution Imaging Sonar), was first tested in Alaska in 2012. ARIS provides more flexibility than its predecessor by allowing the user to vary a wider number of settings. Depending on need, this can enable improved image resolution and finer control over the range covered during sampling including precise detection and fish length measurement. ARIS is currently being used in several Alaskan rivers for counting, measuring, and even speciating salmon in rivers where Chinook salmon are larger than other species.
Sonar Images
Counting fish using DIDSON and ARIS is similar to counting fish from a counting tower. A technician in a counting tower watches and counts fish swimming in the water below, while a technician watching DIDSON or ARIS video counts images of swimming fish. But unlike a technician counting fish from a tower, a technician counting DIDSON and ARIS fish images can slow down, replay and even stop the video if they are fatigued or lose their place. Additionally, fish can be marked for counts and lengths allowing independent review by other staff. Imaging sonars can produce high-resolution video images of fish, in part because it uses high-frequency sound waves that enable it to detect the entire surface of the fish. Using DIDSON or ARIS, technicians can better distinguish between fish that are swimming side-by-side or head-to-tail and determine which direction fish are swimming. Knowing the direction in which fish are traveling is important in rivers where fish tend to mill. Scroll to the bottom of this page to see screenshot examples of imaging sonar.
Multi-beam
Imaging sonars are multi-beam sonar that emit a fan of sonar beams into the water column horizontally. When emitting 48 beams, DIDSON and ARIS can be used to detect fish up to 164 feet from the transducer. When emitting 96 beams, they can be used to detect fish up to 98 feet from the transducer. The resolution of the images produced by DIDSON and ARIS increases with the number of beams used.
Operating over rough terrain
One of the advantages of imaging sonar is that biologists can use it over a relatively uneven river bottom. Prior to DIDSON, biologists could not use sonar over an uneven river bottom without compromising fish detection. DIDSON and ARIS software allows an observer to subtract the display of the bottom and stationary objects from the screen, leaving only the moving fish images.
Measuring fish lengths using DIDSON and ARIS images
Currently, no sonar system used in rivers can differentiate fish species of similar size based solely on sonar data. However, length measurements of migrating salmon obtained from DIDSON and ARIS images have been shown to be sufficiently accurate for use in differentiating between fish species of different sizes. Larger king salmon, for example, can be distinguished from other smaller species of fish such as sockeye salmon using length measurements taken from DIDSON and ARIS images. Sufficiently accurate length estimates from DIDSON and ARIS images of fish can be obtained up to a range of approximately 100 feet from the transducer. ADF&G biologists on the Kenai River started using fish lengths from DIDSON images in 2010 and ARIS images in 2012 to differentiate between large king salmon and other smaller species of salmon. ADF&G started collecting fish length data in the Copper River using ARIS sonar beginning in 2018. This ongoing study examines the potential for differentiating large Chinook salmon from other species.
As another possible means of separating fish species using sonar, biologists have examined differences in tail-beat frequencies observed in DIDSON video images. More research is necessary to determine if tail-beat frequency can be used to differentiate between species.
Processing large quantities of data
To use an imaging sonar as a tool for classifying fish species based on size, biologists develop a protocol that allows for processing large amounts of data in a manageable amount of time. Imaging sonars can produce more than 30 GB of data per day for some ADF&G projects. Reviewing data and manually measuring individual fish is both labor and time intensive. ADF&G has investigated protocols to automate fish size measurements, but all are site-specific and none have yet proven satisfactory for the high-density fish passage rates that occur in Alaskan rivers. For this reason, ADF&G will continue to manually measure fish images until automated methods are shown to be accurate over widely varying environmental conditions and high density passage.
